The United Nations peacekeeping mission in Mali, known as Minusma, is set to complete its withdrawal on Sunday, ending a decade-long presence after being ordered out by the country's ruling military junta.
Minusma, which began in 2013 following an armed rebellion, was the UN's second deadliest mission globally, with 310 peacekeepers killed. The UN mission chief acknowledged a gap between the mandate and achievements, stating that while much was done, it fell below expectations and needs.
Mali informed the UN this summer that its 12,000 peacekeepers must leave, prompting a Security Council vote to withdraw. The exit has been phased, with a 31 December deadline for complete withdrawal. One of the last major camps in Timbuktu was handed over early due to security concerns over militant presence.
Mali's security situation remains fragile, with active Islamist and independence movements. The country, along with Niger and Burkina Faso—both under military rule—has moved away from traditional ally France and closer to Russia. French troops have withdrawn from all three nations, which have formed a defence pact called the Alliance of Sahel States.
The mission's end comes amid a resurgence of violence. In August, fighting resumed between separatists and government forces after eight years of calm, as both sides vied to fill the vacuum left by withdrawing peacekeepers. Jihadist groups, including Islamic State in the Greater Sahara, continue to hold large swathes of territory.
