Hantaviruses are serious diseases that can infect people worldwide, primarily transmitted through contact with rodent urine, droppings, and saliva. Bites or scratches are rare, according to the CDC.
Two Main Syndromes
Two main syndromes are caused by hantaviruses: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) in the Western Hemisphere, often spread by deer mice, and Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) mostly in Europe and Asia. The Seoul virus, a type of hantavirus causing HFRS, is found globally, including in the United States, despite HFRS being more common in other regions.
Symptoms to Look Out For
Late symptoms of HPS, appearing 4 to 10 days after initial illness, include coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness as the lungs fill with fluid. HPS is a potentially fatal disease, with a mortality rate of 38% among individuals who develop respiratory symptoms.
Early symptoms of HPS may include fatigue, fever, and muscle aches, especially in the thighs, hips, back, and shoulders. Headaches, chills, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain are also common. As the disease progresses, the lungs fill with fluid, leading to severe respiratory distress.
HFRS, on the other hand, typically presents with sudden onset of headache, back pain, fever, chills, and abdominal pain. It can progress to low blood pressure, acute kidney failure, and bleeding. The mortality rate for HFRS is lower, ranging from 1% to 15% depending on the virus strain.
How Infection Occurs
Infection usually occurs when people inhale dust contaminated with rodent urine, droppings, or saliva. This can happen when cleaning sheds, barns, or other areas with rodent infestations. Direct contact with rodents or their excreta, as well as bites or scratches, are less common routes.
Prevention Tips
- Seal up holes and gaps in homes and buildings to prevent rodent entry.
- Store food in rodent-proof containers and dispose of garbage regularly.
- When cleaning rodent-infested areas, wear gloves and a mask, and wet surfaces with disinfectant before sweeping or vacuuming.
- Avoid stirring up dust in areas where rodents may have been.
If you experience symptoms after potential exposure to rodents, seek medical attention immediately. Early diagnosis and supportive care can improve outcomes.
