A new study has found that people in countries where men feel pressured to constantly prove their masculinity are less happy. The research, published by Boston College, analysed data from 59 nations and linked 'precarious manhood beliefs' (PMB) to lower economic output, reduced life expectancy, weaker social support, and higher perceived corruption.
Lebanon, Iran, and Nigeria were among the countries with the highest PMB and lowest happiness levels. In contrast, Nordic nations such as Denmark, Finland, and Sweden had the lowest PMB and the happiest populations. The United Kingdom, United States, Italy, and Romania fell in the middle range, balancing traditional gender norms with evolving roles.
The study noted that societies endorsing precarious manhood compel men to repeatedly prove themselves through rigid norms emphasising strength, stoicism, and dominance. This undermines health and social well-being by discouraging cooperation, emotional openness, and support. Researchers found that men internalising these beliefs are more likely to be anxious, defensive, and engage in risky behaviours.
National happiness was measured using life satisfaction, stress levels, sense of community, trust, and personal well-being. The findings underscore that cultural beliefs about masculinity worsen health disparities, reduce collective well-being, and increase national healthcare burdens.
