Modern language GCSEs in the UK are facing a significant decline, with entries nearly halving since 2003. Research by Professor Suzanne Graham of Reading University indicates that students often perceive these subjects as too difficult, despite acknowledging the importance of learning another language. The introduction of new GCSEs in 2018 has exacerbated the issue, with pupils typically achieving half a grade lower in languages compared to other EBacc subjects, such as history or geography.
The challenges are not uniform across the country. In affluent areas like Kensington and Chelsea, 71% of pupils took a language GCSE in 2016–17, compared to just 29% in Middlesbrough. Similarly, selective schools saw 75% uptake, while sponsored academies managed only 38%. These disparities highlight a regional and socio-economic divide in language learning.
In response, the government has established a centre of excellence at York University and designated nine language hubs across England to improve teaching in Spanish, French, and German. Language GCSEs were also included in the English Baccalaureate from 2010, and primary schools have been required to teach a modern or ancient language since 2014. Despite these efforts, French and German GCSE entries have slumped by 29% and 37% respectively between 2010 and 2018, while Spanish has grown in popularity, with GCSE entries up 40% over the same period.
The decline is partly attributed to the 2004 decision to make languages optional at GCSE level. Brexit has further complicated matters, with 34% of state secondary schools reporting a negative impact on attitudes towards language learning, according to the British Council’s annual survey. However, the CBI argues that Brexit increases the need for language skills, estimating a loss of 3.5% of GDP due to a shortage of such abilities. Businesses specifically demand proficiency in French, German, and Spanish.
John Cope, head of education and skills policy at the CBI, stressed: “Employer demand for French, German and Spanish skills has significantly increased over the last few years. The decline in language learning in schools must be reversed, or else the UK will be less competitive globally and young people less prepared for the modern world.” He emphasised that cultural awareness and the ability to work internationally are just as crucial as speaking a foreign language.
