The UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) has issued a new alert over the health risks of wildfire smoke, warning that fine particles can penetrate deep into the lungs and even enter the bloodstream, causing illness. The agency advises that staying indoors with doors and windows closed is the most effective protective measure, and that face masks are not recommended.
Rising Wildfire Threat in the UK
The UKHSA says wildfires are becoming more common in the UK due to hotter, drier summers driven by climate change. In 2025, fire and rescue services in England and Wales responded to almost 1,000 wildfire incidents, beating the previous record set in 2022. The agency posted on X: "Wildfires are becoming more common in the UK - and the smoke can seriously affect your health."
Wildfires are often triggered by hot, dry weather that dries out vegetation, providing fuel for fires. The UKHSA notes that while most UK wildfires are small and short-lived, they are "more common in the UK than many people realise."
Health Impacts of Wildfire Smoke
"All smoke is potentially harmful to your health," the UKHSA advises. Wildfire smoke contains a complex mixture of fine particles, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds. The fine particles are particularly concerning as they can penetrate deep into the lungs and enter the bloodstream, causing illness.
Smoke inhalation can irritate the eyes, nose and throat, leading to coughing, wheezing and breathlessness. For people with asthma, heart disease or other respiratory conditions, the effects can be more serious, potentially triggering hospital admissions. Children, older adults and pregnant women are also at greater risk.
What to Do During a Nearby Wildfire
The UKHSA advises that if a wildfire is close, residents should follow emergency service advice as fire can spread rapidly and threaten life and property. Key steps include:
- Stay inside and keep windows and doors shut.
- Turn off any air conditioning systems that draw air in from outside.
- Avoid or limit time spent outdoors in areas affected by smoke.
- Follow local media for updates and official advice.
During hot weather, additional actions include drawing curtains and blinds to limit solar heat build-up, using a fan to circulate indoor air, staying hydrated with cool drinks, and avoiding strenuous activity. If it becomes too hot indoors, move to the coolest part of the home, especially when sleeping.
For those driving through smoky areas, keep vehicle windows up, close air vents, and switch air conditioning to recirculate mode. Never leave children or pets in a closed vehicle.
Health Advice and Face Masks
For most people, symptoms from wildfire smoke are temporary and will quickly disappear once away from the smoke. However, if symptoms persist or worsen, the UKHSA advises seeking health advice. People with asthma should follow their asthma action plan and ensure access to prescribed inhalers or medication.
The UKHSA states: "Face masks such as surgical masks are not usually recommended as they do not necessarily protect against all the pollutants that may be present in the smoke."
Current Cairngorms Wildfire
Firefighters are spending a third day tackling a wildfire in the Cairngorms National Park in the Scottish Highlands. The fire started at Ryvoan Bothy, near Nethy Bridge, and has spread to cover an area of around six kilometres. A number of homes and businesses, including campsites and ski resorts in Glenmore Forest Park, have been closed and evacuated as a safety precaution. Six fire engines and specialist resources remain at the scene, with no reports of casualties.
