For many, a positive human papillomavirus (HPV) test result can trigger immediate anxiety and confusion. Yet, the connection between this common virus and cervical cancer is far more nuanced than often assumed, with pervasive myths creating unnecessary stigma.
Understanding HPV and Its Link to Cervical Cancer
Miss Adeola Olaitan, a consultant gynaecological oncologist at The Wellington Hospital, part of HCA Healthcare UK, clarifies that HPV is a family of viruses infecting skin and mucosal tissue, with numerous subtypes. Transmission occurs through skin-to-skin genital contact, vaginal, anal, or oral sex, or sharing sex toys, as per NHS guidance.
"In most cases, HPV is a transient, harmless condition, and most people clear it without even knowing that they had it," Olaitan states. The virus typically clears naturally within two years and often causes no problems.
The oncologist identifies the most damaging misconception. "I think the biggest misconception about HPV is the stigma surrounding it," she says. "Because it’s a sexually associated infection, people think it has connotations of promiscuity, which it doesn’t. You can have sex once and get HPV."
High-Risk Types and the Crucial Role of Screening
Of over 200 HPV types, around 14 are deemed high risk for cervical cancer. Crucially, HPV 16 and HPV 18 cause about 70% of all cervical cancer cases in the UK. "If the infection persists then they can increase the risk of cervical cancer," Olaitan explains.
Since HPV usually presents no symptoms, regular cervical screening is vital. The NHS invites everyone with a cervix for screening every five years from ages 25 to 64. The test checks for high-risk HPV. If high-risk HPV is found, the same sample undergoes a reflex cytology test for abnormal cells.
"If that finds no abnormal cells, you will be told to come back for a screening at a shorter interval," Olaitan details. "However, if abnormal cells are found you will be referred for a colposcopy to have a closer look at the cervix."
Protection, Symptoms, and the Key Takeaway
Vaccination offers powerful protection. "The HPV vaccine is very effective," says Olaitan. It's routinely given to children aged 11-13 and is licensed up to 45, though effectiveness is higher when younger. "You can have it even if you’ve been exposed to HPV... it gives immunity that’s stronger and longer lasting than natural immunity alone."
Being aware of potential symptoms is also critical. Olaitan highlights bleeding after sex, between periods, or after menopause, and persistent, offensive vaginal discharge. While often benign, these signs must be checked to rule out serious issues like cervical cancer.
The fundamental message is one of prevention. "Remember that cervical cancer is preventable, and people who go for regular screenings are unlikely to get cancer," Olaitan concludes. "Screening and being vaccinated are two of the most important things you can do for your health."
