What began as a Christian observance of the birth of Jesus has, over centuries, transformed into a global cultural event, embraced by millions worldwide regardless of faith. The story of Christmas is one of adaptation, localisation, and enduring appeal, weaving together threads of religion, folklore, and modern commerce into the festive tapestry we recognise today.
Ancient Origins and the December Date
The earliest followers of Jesus did not mark his birth annually, focusing instead on Easter and the resurrection. The exact date of Jesus's birth remains unknown, a point emphasised by Christine Shepardson, a professor of early Christianity at the University of Tennessee. The tradition of celebrating on December 25 only emerged in the fourth century, a pivotal period for shaping modern Christian practice.
Some historians suggest this date was chosen to coincide with existing pagan winter solstice festivals, such as the Roman celebration of Sol Invictus. While most of the Christian world observes Christmas on December 25, some Eastern Orthodox traditions celebrate on January 7, following the older Julian calendar.
From Rowdy Revels to Respectable Family Festivals
For much of its history, particularly during the Middle Ages, Christmas was associated with boisterous public feasting and drinking. According to Thomas Ruys Smith, a professor at the University of East Anglia, the holiday was once "not in good standing" with many Christians, notably the Puritans.
Its transformation into the family-centred holiday we know began in the 19th century. Key to this shift were traditions imported from Germany, including the decorated Christmas tree and domestic gift-giving, which revitalised celebrations in Britain and America. The publication of Charles Dickens's A Christmas Carol in 1843 further cemented the ideals of generosity and family at the heart of the modern Christmas.
The Saint Who Became Santa
The jolly figure of Santa Claus finds his inspiration in a fourth-century Christian bishop: St. Nicholas of Myra, in modern-day Turkey. Renowned for his generosity and miracles, his devotion spread across Europe. After the Protestant Reformation, his legacy persisted strongest in the Netherlands as Sinterklaas.
Dutch settlers brought this tradition to New York in the 17th century, where it gradually evolved into the secular, red-suited Santa Claus. However, gift-givers vary globally: the UK has Father Christmas, Italy has the witch-like Befana, and Icelandic children await visits from 13 mischievous Yule Lads.
Greenery, Carols, and a Kentucky Fried Christmas
Bringing evergreen foliage into the home is one of the oldest traditions, potentially symbolising eternal life. The decorated tree is a German custom from the 16th century, later popularised in Britain and America. Christmas carolling has roots in European communities wishing neighbours good fortune for the coming year.
Perhaps the most striking example of modern localisation is in Japan, where a KFC Christmas dinner is a nationwide tradition. This began in 1974 after a marketing campaign was inspired by a foreign customer in Tokyo who said he would substitute turkey with fried chicken. Today, orders must be placed months in advance to secure a Christmas KFC feast.
From its uncertain historical beginnings to its status as a global powerhouse of culture and commerce, Christmas demonstrates a remarkable capacity for evolution. It blends the sacred and the secular, ancient custom and modern invention, creating a holiday that continues to adapt and endure across the world.
