So-called 'forever chemicals' have become an almost inescapable part of modern living, lurking in a surprising array of common household items across Britain. Known scientifically as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), these thousands of synthetic compounds earn their nickname from their extreme persistence in the environment and the human body.
While not every level of exposure leads to harm, substantial research has connected high levels of PFAS to serious health issues including certain cancers, liver damage, reduced immune response, and birth defects. The risk, experts warn, comes from cumulative exposure.
"PFAS exposure is rarely from just one item; it accumulates from clusters of low-level contact across so many different things," explains Dr Sabine Donnai, a GP and preventative healthcare specialist. "It is our total toxic load that causes the burden on our health." Fortunately, identifying and minimising contact with key sources can significantly reduce your risk. Here are six common culprits found in UK homes.
1. Non-Stick Cookware and Waterproof Cosmetics
For years, experts have flagged certain non-stick pans as a potential source of PFAS, particularly if they are overheated or damaged. "PFAS, particularly PFOA, were historically used to make PTFE coatings such as Teflon," says Dr Federica Amati, a research fellow at Imperial College London. "When overheated to temperatures above 260°C, emissions increase."
The advice is to avoid high heat, replace scratched pans, and opt for cookware labelled both 'PFAS-free' and 'PTFE-free'. Safer alternatives include ceramic, enamelled cast iron, carbon steel, or stainless steel.
Similarly, the quest for long-lasting beauty comes with a hidden cost. Waterproof mascaras, liquid lipsticks, long-wear foundations, and some sunscreens often contain PFAS to ensure durability. As these products are applied directly to the skin, daily use increases potential absorption.
"Look for anything containing 'fluoro' in the ingredients or just if it's marketed as waterproof, smudge proof or long lasting," advises Dr Donnai. A 2023 BBC investigation found PFAS in makeup from major brands, despite some having pledged to phase them out.
2. Activewear, Toilet Roll, and Treated Carpets
Your workout gear may be doing more than wicking sweat. Synthetic activewear like leggings and sports bras is often treated with PFAS-based coatings for water and stain resistance. "Absorption can increase when skin is warm or sweaty," notes Dr Amati. The good news is that many brands, including Adidas, H&M, and M&S, are now working to remove PFAS from their lines.
In a more surprising revelation, even toilet paper is a carrier. A 2023 study found PFAS in most global brands, partly because recycled paper is made from food packaging that contained the chemicals. "The exposure is small but about 50 per cent of recycled toilet papers had detectable PFAS," says Dr Donnai. Seeking a 'tested PFAS-free' stamp is recommended.
Furthermore, carpets treated for stain resistance are a major reservoir. "They can both release PFAS into dust and act as long-term reservoirs," Dr Amati states. Experts suggest skipping optional stain-proofing treatments when buying new carpets or furniture unless a PFAS-free guarantee is provided.
3. The Invisible Threat: Household Dust
Perhaps the most pervasive vector for PFAS inside the home is household dust. Chemicals shed from countless products—clothing, carpets, electronics, food packaging—settle into dust particles, which are then inhaled or ingested.
"Household dust is by far the biggest exposure of PFAS in the home especially for children," emphasises Dr Donnai, highlighting the risk for youngsters who spend time playing on floors. A 2022 Yale University study confirmed PFAS as ubiquitous in indoor dust.
Combating this requires diligent cleaning: ventilate rooms frequently, use a vacuum with a HEPA filter, avoid dry dusting in favour of wet cloths, and maintain clean floors to reduce dust accumulation.
How to Reduce Your PFAS Burden
While PFAS can take years to leave the body, simple dietary and lifestyle changes can help. Research indicates that increasing your intake of gel-forming fibre—found in oats, barley, beans, nuts, and seeds—can aid the body in eliminating common PFAS like PFOA and PFOS.
Additionally, limit contact with greaseproof food packaging and takeaway containers. On a policy level, the European Commission is consulting on a widespread ban of around 10,000 PFAS. The UK government has banned specific types like PFOA and is considering further restrictions, though it has not yet committed to a blanket ban.
By making informed swaps and maintaining a clean home environment, Britons can take practical steps to reduce their cumulative exposure to these persistent chemicals.
