A major global study has found that algorithm-driven social media platforms such as Instagram and TikTok are more harmful to mental health than those focused on social connection, like WhatsApp and Facebook. The World Happiness Report, led by the University of Oxford's Wellbeing Research Centre, analysed data from multiple countries and concluded that the type of platform and duration of use significantly impact wellbeing.
Research across 17 Latin American countries showed that frequent use of WhatsApp and Facebook was linked to higher life satisfaction, while platforms like X, Instagram, and TikTok—heavily reliant on algorithms and influencer content—were associated with lower happiness and increased mental health problems. Similar findings emerged from a study in the Middle East and North Africa.
Professor Jan-Emmanuel De Neve, director of the Wellbeing Research Centre, emphasised the need to prioritise social connection. “It suggests we need to put the social back into social media,” he said. The report also found that limited use of social media—around one hour per day—led to higher life satisfaction than no use at all, but average usage was closer to two-and-a-half hours.
The UK's overall happiness fell to its lowest level since the report began in 2012, ranking 29th globally. No English-speaking countries appeared in the top ten for the second consecutive year. Finland topped the list for the ninth year running.
Professor De Neve cautioned against blanket bans, such as Australia's recent prohibition for under-16s, urging policymakers to await evidence. He also noted that youth unhappiness cannot be attributed solely to social media, citing concerns over affordability and job security in countries like the UK and US.
