New research from the University of California has found that early exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), commonly known as 'forever chemicals', is associated with a higher risk of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, the most common childhood cancer. The study, published in the Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, analysed dried blood spots from newborns in Los Angeles County over a 15-year period.
PFAS are a group of fluorine-based chemicals used in greaseproof food wrappers, non-stick cookware, dental floss, mascara and firefighting foam. They are extremely durable and do not degrade easily, leading to widespread environmental contamination and accumulation in the human body. Previous research has linked them to cancers, cardiovascular disease, dementia and infertility.
The study included 125 children diagnosed with leukaemia and 219 without, born between 2000 and 2015. Among 17 PFAS detected in newborn blood, PFOA and PFOS were found at the highest levels. PFOA is commonly found in drinking water, food packaging and waterproof fabrics, while PFOS is used in similar applications as well as synthetic clothing and carpets.
The findings showed that children with higher PFAS levels had increased odds of developing leukaemia, though the researchers cautioned that estimates were not precise and that the study does not prove cause and effect. Co-author Veronica Vieira said: 'By capturing exposures during a critical window of development, we are gaining a clearer picture of how environmental contaminants may contribute to childhood cancer risk.'
In the UK, concerns over PFAS have led to calls for a ban on non-essential uses, including in school uniforms and food packaging. The use of PFAS in Teflon cookware was outlawed in the UK in 2005, and the Environmental Audit Committee has urged the government to introduce phased restrictions from 2027.
