Oil tankers, general cargo ships, bulk carriers, and fishing boats were anchored off Muscat, Oman, on Thursday, highlighting the ongoing disruption in the Strait of Hormuz. The center of the strait remains blocked by approximately 80 mines that must be cleared before normal shipping can resume, according to the independent tanker owner trade body.
Mines Block Main Route
Several vessels began exiting the Gulf through this key maritime chokepoint on Thursday after the signing of a memorandum of understanding between the US and Iran. However, shipping is not expected to return to normal for some time, even if a ceasefire holds, due to the mines and other obstacles, underscoring the continuing challenges for global trade.
"The main route through the middle of the Strait of Hormuz is closed; it's dangerous," said Phil Belcher, marine director at Intertanko, the tanker owners association. "The latest figure we had was that there are 80 mines in the strait. It's an enormous amount and will take some time to clear."
During the conflict, Tehran laid mines in the center of the strait within the traffic separation scheme, which has been in place between Iran and Oman since 1968, to restrict the movement of tankers and other vessels.
Seafarers Stranded, Vessels Risk Grounding
About 20,000 seafarers were left stranded on either side of the channel, though some ships managed to sneak through at night near the Omani coast with their transmitters off and with US assistance. Others paid to travel through Iranian waters in an arrangement nicknamed "Tehran's tollbooth."
The shipping industry is eager to return to using the standard route, which before the conflict allowed about 130 ships per day to cross the strait, through which about 20% of global oil used to flow. "This is like a highway where the road in the middle is closed and you are using the hard shoulder," said Belcher. "We need to get the highway open to safely handle the volume of traffic. One of the big issues is the navigational risk of running aground on the rocks, especially on the southern Omani route."
Risk of Collision and Signal Jamming
With a high number of vessels trying to pass through narrow areas of the strait, the shipping industry warns of collision risks. This danger is intensified by "signal jamming" that Iran has reportedly carried out during the conflict, where electronic interference has prevented ships' navigation and positioning systems from operating, leaving them effectively sailing blind.
A collision, grounding, or sinking could further disrupt global trade. Shipping companies still remember the disruption caused in 2021 when the container ship Ever Given blocked the Suez Canal for a week.
Almost 600 vessels are believed to still be in the Gulf, where they have been anchored since February, meaning the backlog will take time to clear. Richard Meade, editor-in-chief at maritime data provider Lloyd's List, said: "We are in uncharted territory. I don't think shipping in the strait is getting back to normal this year."
Ceasefire Caution and Tolls Controversy
The shipping industry is cautiously waiting to see whether the ceasefire in the strait will hold, after Israel and Hezbollah traded deadly strikes on Friday. The industry was already on high alert after the April ceasefire unravelled within hours of being announced.
The MoU signed by the US and Iran this week should be "greeted with realism and extreme caution," said Peter Sand, chief analyst at ocean and air freight analytics firm Xeneta. "Even if the ceasefire holds, around 10% of global container shipping capacity is impacted by the blockade, and freight rates are spiralling across major trades. This scale of disruption and market volatility cannot be reversed overnight."
Further concerns remain over Iran saying it plans to charge a maritime fee to vessels crossing the strait. Such tolls are illegal under international law. Under the terms of the US-Iran memorandum, Iran is required to ensure toll-free passage for commercial vessels for at least 60 days, with full restoration of traffic within 30 days. Tehran has said it would charge ships fees to cover the cost of managing the waterway after the 60-day period.
The German container shipping company Hapag-Lloyd has said it would be "fundamentally wrong" to charge vessels to pass through international waters. A company spokesperson added: "Tolls for infrastructure such as the Suez or Panama canals are different, as they reflect major infrastructure investments. That's not the case in the Strait of Hormuz."
The shipping industry is concerned that Iran charging fees could set a precedent for other key maritime channels bordered by several states, including the Strait of Malacca between Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia, or the Taiwan Strait separating Taiwan from mainland China.
