Behavioural geneticist Kathryn Paige Harden, a professor of psychology at the University of Texas at Austin, is investigating how genetic factors shape human behaviour, including traits such as risk-taking, antisocial behaviour, and violence. In her book Original Sin, she examines the interplay between nature and nurture in influencing the likelihood of committing crimes and asks whether the cause of our actions matters for how we think about culpability.
Genetic Influence on Behaviour
Harden's research focuses on how much of our lives are determined by genes. She argues that genetic predispositions can influence behaviours that society deems 'bad', but these are not deterministic. Environmental factors also play a crucial role. For example, a person with a genetic tendency toward aggression might only act on it in certain environments.
Implications for Criminal Justice
The question of whether genes can cause criminal behaviour has profound implications for the justice system. If actions are partly genetically influenced, does that reduce personal responsibility? Harden suggests that understanding genetic influences could lead to more nuanced approaches to punishment and rehabilitation, but warns against using genetics to excuse harmful behaviour.
Nature and Nurture Combined
Harden emphasises that nature and nurture are not separate forces but work together. She uses twin studies and genomic data to show how genetic variations interact with life experiences. For instance, a child with a genetic risk for impulsivity might develop antisocial behaviour if raised in a stressful environment, but not in a supportive one.
According to Harden, acknowledging genetic influences does not mean accepting a deterministic view. Instead, it can help identify those who may benefit from early intervention. She also notes that the debate around genetics and crime is often politicised, with some fearing it could justify discrimination or eugenics.
Public Perception and Policy
Harden calls for a balanced public conversation about behavioural genetics. She believes that ignoring genetic factors is unscientific, but overstating them can be harmful. Her work aims to inform policies on crime prevention and mental health, taking into account both biological and social factors.
