Dog owners are being urged never to wait if they suspect their dog has dry eye. The People's Dispensary for Sick Animals (PDSA), a British veterinary charity, has warned that the condition can leave a dog in extreme pain if left untreated and could lead to eye loss.
PDSA explains: “Dry eye is a lack of tear production. It’s an extremely painful condition that, left untreated, can lead to conjunctivitis, eye ulcers, and in severe cases, permanent scarring, or even loss of an eye.”
What causes dry eye in dogs?
In most dogs, dry eye is caused by an immune-mediated problem, where the body mistakenly attacks the tear glands. This damage usually develops slowly over months or even years, so when the condition is spotted and treated early, it can typically be managed effectively with medication.
While most cases are immune-mediated, a small number can be linked to other issues such as hypothyroidism, diabetes and problems with the nerves that control the tear glands (known as “neurogenic dry eye”). It may also be a side effect of certain medications.
Signs and symptoms to watch for
Dry eye tends to develop gradually and causes symptoms that worsen over time. It usually affects both eyes, although one eye is often affected first, or more severely. Symptoms can include a thick, sticky discharge; red, painful, irritated eyes – with the dog closing their eyes more than usual, blinking a lot, or rubbing their face; cloudy or dull eyes with a lack of shine; frequent eye infections; and eye ulcers.
Owners are advised to book an appointment with their vet as soon as possible if their dog has symptoms. PDSA warns: “Even if your dog doesn’t have the exact symptoms listed above, it’s always best to contact your vet if you are concerned. Eyes are too important to leave to chance.”
Diagnosis and treatment options
During a visit, the vet can diagnose dry eye by assessing the dog’s symptoms and carrying out a Schirmer Tear Test (STT). This painless test involves placing a small paper strip between the dog’s eyelid and eye to measure tear production. A normal reading is usually above 15mm per minute, while anything lower may suggest dry eye.
Dry eye usually can’t be cured, but can often be well managed with treatment. If diagnosed and treated early, many dogs respond well and can stay stable for years. If medication doesn’t work, surgery may be needed – such as parotid duct transposition – and, in severe cases, eye removal. Most dogs requiring eye removal are already blind and can still live comfortable, pain-free lives. If the condition causes severe pain and no treatments are left, euthanasia may be considered to prevent suffering.
Dry eye is a condition that usually requires lifelong treatment and regular check-ups. PDSA cautions that “not all human lubricant eye drops are safe for dogs, so always speak to your vet before giving your dog a new drop that hasn’t been specifically prescribed for them”.
Managing the condition and at-risk breeds
Treatment may include medicated eye ointment, such as ciclosporin, which is applied twice daily and can take 2-12 weeks to take effect; false tears, initially needed every 1-2 hours; regular eye wiping with cotton wool pads soaked in warm water at least twice a day; surgery in some cases; antibiotic eye drops if an infection develops; and a buster collar to stop rubbing while medication takes effect.
Certain breeds are especially prone to dry eye, including the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, Pug, West Highland White Terrier, Yorkshire Terrier and Shih Tzu. PDSA advises: “We strongly recommend against breeding from a dog that has been diagnosed with dry eye, even if their condition is well controlled. In addition to this, if you are considering getting a dog it is important to research any potential health problems in the breed you are considering (including dry eye).”
