An increasing number of scientists believe that the climate crisis has been allowed to fester for so long that technological interventions may be the only hope to avert ever-intensifying catastrophes. Concepts such as cloud brightening, injecting sulphur into the atmosphere, and deploying tiny mirrors in space—all aimed at reducing the amount of sunlight reaching Earth's surface—are being promoted by entrepreneurs and governments alike. Geoengineering, they argue, is now inevitable.
Ever since the God of the Old Testament granted humanity dominion over the Earth, ideas of remaking the world to better suit us have been a dominant thread in human thinking. For centuries, we have toyed with grand ambitions to alter and reform the climate and environment, many of which—in retrospect—seem doomed or absurd. With new ideas brewing, it is worth looking back on some past initiatives to geoengineer our planet.
1. Atlantropa: Damming the Mediterranean
In the 1930s, German engineer Herman Sörgel proposed building a dam across the Strait of Gibraltar to lower the level of the Mediterranean Sea by 200 metres. This would create vast acreages of new, fertile lebensraum to be worked by African labourers, thereby alleviating an age-old cause of Europe's wars. Europe and Africa could also be supplied with limitless hydroelectricity. The vision swept many along, with leading engineers even designing the great dam. A few quibbled about the impact that draining the Med might have on things like Venice's canals (Sörgel promised 'special measures' to deal with that). Astonishingly, the Atlantropa plan survived the Second World War and limped on until the 1960s.
2. Soviet Plans to Modify Nature
Russians have always felt short-changed when it comes to climate. As US climatologist P.E. Lydolph, an expert on the geography of the Soviet Union, put it: 'In general, the country lacks heat.' Soviet engineer P.M. Borisov had a plan to deal with that. All that was needed was to raise the temperature of the Earth by a couple of degrees, which could be achieved by building a dam across the Bering Strait, thereby melting the Arctic ice cap. It was a big job, and other Soviet scientists countered that the same effect could be achieved by cutting a hole in the Thompson-Wyville Ridge. That would only involve excavating a mere 3,000 square kilometres of sea floor at depths of more than a kilometre. This kind of thinking followed the proclamation of the 'great Stalin plan for the transformation of nature' in 1948, which explored various massive engineering feats to render the Soviet environment more productive or hospitable. Decades after Stalin's death in 1953, such ideas were still being seriously discussed, though economists protested at the expense.
3. Bombing to Save the Planet
The discovery of the power of the atom introduced a powerful age of techno-optimism. Harry Wexler, who led the scientific services division of the US Weather Bureau from the 1940s through to 1962, thought 10 carefully placed hydrogen bombs could do for the Arctic ice cap, heralding an age of unprecedented warmth. The Russians believed that nuclear weapons were ideal for redirecting rivers. They actually detonated three devices in an effort to divert some northward-flowing rivers and were surprised to find that exploding three atomic bombs only cleared 700 metres of canal. This, and the apparently unanticipated radiation released, made it impossible to proceed.
4. Making a Second Moon: Project Znamya
Few attempts at geoengineering have got off the drawing board, but in the 1990s Project Znamya actually achieved its objective of creating a 'second moon'—though at a far smaller scale than its promoters hoped. The idea was to reflect enough sunlight onto Russia's Arctic regions to increase the illumination provided by a full moon. The mirrors took the form of reflective foldable satellites, launched in sufficient numbers to significantly extend daylight hours, providing Russians with additional warmth and energy savings. The initial batch of satellites provided a 5-kilometre patch of light. When a second batch got stuck in the MIR space station and the declining Russian economy made the economics challenging, the project was abandoned.
5. New Australian Mountains
Laurie Hogan felt that when it came to mountains, Australia had been seriously short-changed. Its only significant mountains are low and hug the east coast, creating a narrow green strip and a vast, arid outback. Wouldn't it be better if the mountains were further west? He felt so strongly about this that in 1979 he published Man Made Mountain, a book that argued for the creation of a second mountain range along the border of Western Australia. The new range would be 2,000 kilometres long, 4 kilometres high, and 10 kilometres wide. Forty-nine great cities, all laid out on a rectangular grid, and 180,000 fish farms would ornament its slopes. When the book failed to rally the nation behind the idea, Hogan set up a political party—the 'Engineered Australia Plan party'—which contested the 1983 federal election. Analysis of Hogan's plan revealed that it would require moving many times more rock than humanity has moved in its entire history. Both the book and the party have sunk without trace.
These five ideas are just the tip of the geoengineering iceberg. Over the course of history, serious efforts have been made to increase rainfall, control the paths of hurricanes, and use weather to win wars, all to no avail. There is no end to humanity's monstrous egotism, it seems. And now we face a choice: whether to geoengineer or reconcile ourselves to life in a hostile new climate.
