A new book by historian Adrian Tinniswood lifts the lid on the domestic lives of British monarchs, revealing centuries of eccentricity and extravagance. From a 'groom of the stool' attending to the king's bowel movements to Queen Victoria's economy drive that replaced toilet paper with newspaper squares, the royal household has always operated on a grand scale.
Today, the monarchy employs 1,200 staff at Buckingham Palace alone, with amenities including a gym, pool, and counselling service. Queen Victoria had 921 salaried retainers, while George V was served by 120 clerks and 80 cleaners. When George V visited India, three cows accompanied him for fresh milk.
Edward VII's love of speed meant mechanics had to adjust tyres and check brakes while his car was moving. Queen Elizabeth I travelled with 350 attendants who consumed 600,000 gallons of beer yearly. The role of royalty 'demands magnificence', Tinniswood says, estimating Tudor daily costs at £112 (equivalent to £32,000 today).
