Satellite analysis by BBC Verify has uncovered extensive Russian defensive fortifications in southern Ukraine, built in anticipation of a Ukrainian counter-offensive. The images, spanning hundreds of locations since October, reveal a network of trenches, anti-tank ditches and concrete barriers known as 'dragon's teeth'.
On the west coast of Crimea, a former beach resort now bristles with defences. A 15-mile stretch of sandy beach is lined with dragon's teeth, trenches and bunkers. Intelligence analyst Layla Guest said the fortifications were likely a deterrent against any Ukrainian seaborne assault, noting Ukraine's limited naval capacity.
Further north, the city of Tokmak has been turned into a military fortress. Satellite images show two lines of trenches north of the city, behind which lie three layers of defences: an anti-tank ditch, rows of dragon's teeth and another trench network. Mark Cancian from the Center for Strategic and International Studies said mines were also likely hidden between the lines to slow Ukrainian attacks.
A similar defensive line runs along a 22-mile stretch of the E105 highway west of Tokmak. The road is strategically vital, connecting Russian-held Melitopol to Ukrainian-held Kharkiv. Control of the E105 allows easy troop movement, and Russia is positioned to target any Ukrainian forces attempting to use it.
BBC Verify also identified three other towns near Tokmak with comparable fortifications. The build-up underscores Russia's expectation of a major Ukrainian assault, which could prove a decisive test for Kyiv's ability to reclaim territory using Western-supplied weapons.
