Campaign to Close Legal Gap on Coercive Control in Groups
England and Wales were pioneers in criminalising coercive control in 2015, a landmark move that recognised abuse as a pattern of behaviour beyond physical violence, including psychological manipulation, isolation, and financial control. However, this law applies exclusively to intimate or family relationships, leaving a significant gap for victims in other settings such as religious groups, political movements, or gangs.
Survivor Experiences Highlight the Gap
Rachael Reign, who left the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God (UCKG), reported allegations of controlling behaviour to the police, including instructions on attire and financial pressure. Despite her claims, the Metropolitan Police determined no criminal offences occurred, as the coercive control law does not cover such group dynamics. Rachael notes, "If my boyfriend did what my pastor did, I believe police could have investigated it." The UCKG denies these allegations, stating it does not control members' personal lives or finances.
This case underscores a broader issue: victims in non-domestic contexts often lack legal recourse unless they can prove crimes like fraud or physical abuse. Alexandra Stein, a psychologist with the Family Survival Trust (FST), recounts instances where police expressed sympathy but were powerless due to legal limitations.
The Scope of Controlling Groups in the UK
Experts estimate around 2,000 cults operate in the UK, spanning yoga studios, churches, life-coaching groups, and political movements. These organisations often use coercive control tactics, such as strict hierarchies and isolation from the outside world, yet current laws offer little protection. Since 2015, while police-recorded coercive control cases have increased tenfold, convictions remain challenging, highlighting the need for broader legal frameworks.
Historical Context and Campaign Momentum
Laura Richards, a former New Scotland Yard officer who helped introduce the coercive control law, initially advocated for including group dynamics but faced delays. She explains, "Theresa May's adviser said that trying to include it would mean the law would get delayed." Domestic homicide reviews, showing coercive control in over 90% of cases, spurred the original law, with similar logic applying to groups to prevent escalation of abuse.
Emrhys Cooper, an actor working with the FST, shares his family's experience with a so-called "healer" who conducted medical experiments on his mother. He argues, "Had there been a law, we might have been able to protect her." Parliamentary interest is growing, with discussions on forming an all-party group to address spiritual and cultic abuse, though Home Office minister Sarah Jones has stated the government does not intend to expand the law at this time.
Challenges and Alternatives to Legal Reform
Malcolm Johnson, a lawyer representing cult victims, predicts political resistance due to fears of "opening a can of worms" and interfering with religious freedoms, as seen in France and Australia. However, he asserts that coercive control is fundamental to cult dynamics. Alternatives include updates to CPS guidance on honour-based abuse, which now includes "spiritual abuse," and potential extensions of workplace laws to religious groups.
Survivors unanimously support legal changes for compensation and justice. For example, the Jesus Army closed in 2019, with some survivors receiving compensation, but alleged perpetrators may benefit more from asset division without legal accountability. A law change could also foster societal discussion, similar to how the 2015 law shifted attitudes on domestic abuse, challenging misconceptions like "Why didn't you just leave?"
Conclusion: The Need for Legal Tools
Invisible structures of control in groups pose significant dangers, yet current laws offer limited dismantling tools. As one Jesus Army survivor reflects, "The control – that was the worst bit. That's the bit I'm still trying to live with today." Expanding coercive control legislation could provide crucial protections and recognition for victims across various settings.
