Photographer Eric Lusito takes us on a scientific journey through space and time in his book on Soviet scientific institutes, capturing enduring symbols of Soviet science.
Institute of Radio Astronomy, Kharkiv, Ukraine
A stairwell in the damaged building of the Institute of Radio Astronomy of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in Kharkiv features a painting of the first spacewalk by Alexei Leonov in 1965.
Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory, Armenia
Control panel and mural at the Byurakan astrophysical observatory. The Soviets presented science as a utopian ideal. Thousands of researchers worked in imperfect secrecy on 'big science' initiatives, mostly for cold war military objectives. In the 1990s, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, many institutions were left destitute and their advanced technology was doomed to extinction. But some scientists persevered, adapting to the landscape. Today, defying the odds, they persist, even in wartime, continuing their work.
The book 'Soviet Scientific Institutes' by Eric Lusito is published by FUEL.
Usikov Institute for Radiophysics and Electronics, Ukraine
A new department of the Ukrainian Institute of Physics and Technology, the laboratory of electromagnetic oscillations, was established in 1930. Led by Abram Slutskin, it pioneered research into electrical engineering and electromagnetic waves. Effective microwave oscillators, magnetrons in particular, became key components of radar systems, a priority of the Red Army. The original Soviet-era staff attendance board is still a fixture at the entrance to the institute.
Andronikashvili Institute of Physics, Tbilisi, Georgia
As the Soviet quest to develop nuclear capabilities in weaponry and energy progressed, experimental prototype reactors were assembled. The first of the IRT reactors was constructed near Tbilisi. Scientists at the institute accurately modelled conditions found in space, allowing them to study the effects of low-temperature irradiation on various materials. The standard research reactor is a pool-type reactor using water as moderator, neutron reflector and coolant as part of the biological shielding of the reactor.
Fesenkov Astrophysical Institute's Assy-Turgen Observatory, Kazakhstan
In the late-1980s, construction started on a 45-metre-tall pavilion for the observatory's new 1.5-metre AZT-20 telescope. The dome and the building structure were completed but funding was suspended after the collapse of the Soviet Union. In 2014, the institute was able to resume construction using its own resources, and it finally began operating in 2017. It is the largest telescope in Kazakhstan and it bridges the gap in this field between Europe and Asia.
Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology, Ukraine
In 1932, the cryogenic laboratory led by Lev Shubnikov was the first in the USSR to achieve helium liquefaction, a technological breakthrough that facilitated further research, culminating in the discovery of type II superconductivity (named the Shubnikov phase) in 1936. Spherical containers were used for the storage of liquid hydrogen.
Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory, Armenia
After the collapse of the USSR, with funding discontinued, the Aragats cosmic ray research station's survival seemed uncertain. International grants and support from the Armenian diaspora bridged the gap, allowing Aragats to continue its work.
UTR-2 Antenna Control Panel, Ukraine
The Ukrainian T-shaped radio telescope, second modification (UTR-2) is the world's largest low-frequency radio telescope. Made up of a network of 2,040 antennas known as dipoles, the entire structure covers 15 hectares and takes the form of a giant letter T. The telescope is used to analyse radio signals from a range of cosmic sources, particularly those from the sun, lightning on Saturn and pulsars, as well as emissions from interstellar and interplanetary space.
Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory, Armenia
BOA was founded in 1946 by Viktor Ambartsumian, who served as director of the BAO and president of the Armenian Academy of Sciences for 42 and 46 years respectively. In 1947 he discovered stellar associations, very loose clusters of about 10 to 1,000 stars. Observing these, he concluded that star formation was a continuous process, a concept that countered contemporary scientific ideas and powerfully influenced subsequent research in this field.
Interdepartmental Training and Technology Centre for High-Voltage Pulse Engineering, Kharkiv, Ukraine
The high-voltage hall has remained almost unchanged for a century. A Soviet-era mural depicts a hand grasping a lightning bolt.
Synchrotron Control Room, Yerevan, Armenia
In 1956, the Soviet physicist Artem Alikhanian began the development of the Armenian accelerator, known as Arus. His aim was to construct the most powerful electron synchrotron in the world, capable of accelerating particles to nearly the speed of light around a closed loop. Along with the creation of new departments, services and laboratories, a new town nicknamed 'Physcity' was built incorporating housing, schools, nurseries, shops, clinics, a cultural centre and a hotel.
Institute of Materials Science, Uzbekistan
The Big Solar Furnace is one of the world's largest solar research facilities. Built in 1981, this monumental installation harnesses the power of the sun for cutting-edge science. The solar energy concentrator uses 10,700 mirrors to focus light reflected from an array of heliostats on to a single focal point. Today the facility is used for civilian research and specialist industrial orders.
Horia Hulubei National Institute, Măgurele, Romania
The reactor control room (unchanged since its construction in the 1950s) at the Horia Hulubei National Institute for Research and Development in Physics and Nuclear Engineering. The Romanian nuclear programme began in 1955 after a bilateral agreement with the USSR. In 1956, construction began on the country's first two major research facilities, the VVR-S nuclear reactor and the U-120 cyclotron. The VVR-S was the first reactor to be approved by the USSR outside of its own borders. It was operational until its shutdown in 1997.
Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory, Armenia
This 1-metre Schmidt telescope, installed in 1960, was instrumental in several significant discoveries, including Markarian galaxies. It ceased operating in 1991 but after modernisation in 2015 was brought back into use. Here, Henrik Sargsyan, an engineer who has worked at the observatory since 1958, illuminates the hatch housing a new digital sensor.
